The Language of Euthanasia Essay Example

The Language of Euthanasia Essay Our society is filled with controversial issues. Abortion, prostitution and euthanasia are all issues which lead to many heated debates in everyday conversation. An individuals stance on these topics is often a direct correlate of societys current environment as well as the individuals own value system. These values are often based upon religion, upbringing, and ones own personal experiences. One personal experience that most of us have endured at one point or another is that of having an elderly loved one die. Death and dying are an inevitable part of our existence which we must all face one day. Its interesting then to think that, there are those individuals that make the conscious decision to embrace death while others attempt to put off their last moments on earth. The power and ability to control when death is inflicted may soon become readily available to the elderly and society. Would this not then allow mankind to play God? It is this very question, which in the last decade has come to the forefronts of society, government, and organized religion. With its increasing popularity Euthanasia appears to have become an easy answer to a much more complex underlying problem. In essence then Sheila Grant in her article. The Language of Euthanasia accurately describes the concept of euthanasia as simply being a fancy word used to describe the immoral act of killing another human being whether old or young. We will write a custom essay sample on The Language of Euthanasia specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Language of Euthanasia specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Language of Euthanasia specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer As the title of the article indicates the language of euthanasia plays a pivotal role in the issue. The author methodically builds up her position on what exactly the language of Euthanasia is and how it is exploited. The author partially contributes the rising popularity of euthanasia to the fact that society misunderstands the exact connotations attached to the concept. Not being able to fully comprehend the fundamental elements of an issue results in difficulty understanding and arguing that particular issue. In this case advocates of Euthanasia are able to build their case by feeding off societys lack of knowledge. These advocates use euphemisms like deliverance, death with dignity, aid-in-dying and gentle landing. If their position has to be promoted with euphemisms, this may be due to the fact that the use of accurate, descriptive language would make the distressing reality too apparent. Its disturbing then to think that it is the definition of a term that often compels one to take either a negative or positive approach on an issue. Confusion has clearly reined throughout society about the exact meaning of Euthanasia. This is clearly illustrated in the article with the example of the CBC talk show host. In this particular example the host is provided with a faulty definition instead of the more precise medical definition of Euthanasia. This new inaccurate definition results in the talk show host altering his original belief of the concept. Had the host been adequately educated he would have stood his ground and not altered his beliefs. This proves the point that there is a lack of consistency in the use of the term Euthanasia. To examine the term in itself, euthanasia, is any action taken to help procure death. It is here that we must understand that Euthanasia is different from prolonging inevitable death. Instead euthanasia is deliberately causing the death of someone who is not dying. It is the intentional killing usually by the act of omission of a dependent human being for their alleged benefit. In the past euthanasia included both voluntary and involuntary termination of life. This was the main contention for mass confusion. It has for this reason become vital to differentiate between what is euthanasia and what isnt. One way to distinguish what is and isnt euthanasia is to examine the last act of the third party before death occurs. If without this last act death would not have occurred then euthanasia has been committed. This act by the third party is what essentially brings upon death, without this act death would only have occurred naturally. The act can then be viewed inherently as one of killin g. Euthanasia is therefore not about the right to die, instead it entails the right to kill. Some might state that kill is too harsh a word for euthanasia but the word kill means to cause death. The actions taking place in euthanasia do kill a person therefore euthanasia is an act of killing another human being. This is a direct violation of our moral code of conduct. To encourage euthanasia is to encourage the act of killing and suicide. This opens up many ethical and moral implications as suicide is considered a mortal sin. The Judaeo-Christian belief condemns all suicide whether it be is assisted or not. They believe that euthanasia violates ones natural desire to live. We are born into this world to live and when it is our time to die we die. To hasten along this process is tampering with nature. Pope John Paul II, stated during a speech on October 7th 1979 Almighty God, our Father, You have given us life and intended us to have it forever, grant us Your blessings. Enlighten our minds to an awareness and to a renewed conviction that all life is sacred because it is created in Your image and likeness. Help us to teach by word and the example of our lives that life occupies the first place, that human life is precious because it is the gift of God, whose love in infinite. Give us the strength to defend human life against every influence or actio n that threatens or weakens it, as well as the strength to make every life more human in all its aspects. From this it is quite clear that life is a gift which God has bestowed upon us and only God has the right to take it away from us. Another human being should not have enough power to decide whether a human being lives or dies. Ethically speaking as well euthanasia is also considered an immoral act. Take for example the age old Hippocratic Oath that every doctors pledges. This oath states that even gravely defected babies should be treated like any other patient. It is only if the treatment doesnt help the child that they are then allowed to die they should not be killed. Every human life should be worth preserving regardless of the quality of life criteria this is the view that morals, religion, and the medical profession all advance. Hippocrates further advances this position by stating that medicine is to do away with the suffering of the sick, to lesson the violence of their diseases, and to refuse to treat those who are overmastered by their diseases is realising that in such cas es medicine is powerless. When doctors aid in the process of euthanasia they are violating the very principles they have pledged to abide by. We look to doctors as being in a position to exert tremendous influence as they alone have all the medical facts. Nevertheless, every year there are thousands of cases of malpractice reported against doctors. Being human even doctors are prone to human error. Is it then wise to endow so much clout and blind faith into the hands of such medical professionals? There have also been reported cases where patients have been coerced and exploited either by their doctors or family members into accepting this course of action. This brings much concern as death can them be used to facilitate ones own self-interests. Another important factor causing concern is the timing involved in taking such an extreme measure as euthanasia. The patient is often enduring unbearable pain which may cloud their judgement. In making the choice to opt for euthanasia the patient often cant see beyond that short term benefits of such actions. To them euthanasia becomes a permanent solution to a temporary problem. They see it as a release to their pain and suffering. Often times though all they require is effective pain management through medication or counselling . These methods can greatly alleviate physical and emotional pain and allow a person to have an enjoyable life; one which they would have lost had they embraced euthanasia. The author goes on to explain that even the families of patients facing the choice of euthanasia are swamped with grief, fear, and guilt. These are all emotions which limit the clarity required to make such a complex decision often resulting in a haphazard and emotionally laden decision. Nevertheless, unfortunately if for some reason Euthanasia is legalized perhaps there should be a mandatory waiting period as well as counselling sessions. By providing such services both the patient and their family would be required to reflect on both the short term and long term implications of their decision. Commonly financial restraints also play a huge role in both the short and long term implications. With the baby boomers aging and with a greater burden being placed on our health care system it has been suggested that euthanasia be used as a means of health care cost containment. With hospitals budgets being slashed these institutions are likely to benefit financially from providing less, rather than more, care for their patients. Its not wise then to completely trust such institutions as they have their own priorities which may not always coincide with those of the patients. In order to survive the healthcare system in Canada has started on the road to privatization. There are millions of individuals who across the world dont have access to medical insurance, medication, or pain control. In the future with this privatized system treatments would only be available to those able to pay for them. Then the dangerous circumstances arise where euthanasia becomes the only affordable choice for an individual. This results in the further widening of the gap between the poor and rich and where wealth and power are the deciding factors between life and death, not God. In conclusion then we must begin to understand that we as able bodied humans see things from a narrow scope. Often times the disabled or sick are content with their lives and we merely inflict death on then due to our lack of compassion and understanding towards their condition. Education is necessary in order for us to completely understand what these individuals endure. Without such knowledge how can any of us make the choice for them between life and death? Euthanasia has undoubtedly become a matter of public concern as it can lead to tremendous abuse, exploitation and erosion of care for the most vulnerable people among us. There was a time when we had social restraints protecting the weak and sick today even these are eroding leaving a world where people selection has become the norm. We must uphold such restraints if we wish to continue to live in a civilized moral society. Sidebar: Documenting Your Wishes Sidebar: What Are Advance Directives? Sidebar: Are Living Wills Honored? Glossary Sabina and Perry Elfmont talked often about how they would face death. As a retired physician, 88-year-old Perry had seen many of his patients suffer at the end. Perry had lived a rich life with his wife of more than 30 years. He had run the New York blood bank and, despite his age, he still could enjoy theater and museums. He and his 78-year-old wife traveled, making visits to his homeland of France. They took walks in New York City, where they shared an apartment. A voracious reader, Perry was fluent in five languages. A Living Will Perry told Sabina if he became seriously ill he didnt want heroic measures if it meant he wouldnt live his life to the fullest anymore. Perry had suffered three heart attacks that forced him to retire from his active physician practice after 25 years. He knew exactly what life-prolonging interventions could be imposed if he reached a critical stage. Perry completed a living will and delineated what he did not want if he became incapacitated, including resuscitation, mechanical respiration, and renal dialysis. It even included his desire to be cremated at burial. One May morning in 1994, Perry woke up disoriented. Sabina found her husband in a state of confusion and paranoia. She immediately called his doctor. A stroke was a possibility so he told Sabina to bring Perry immediately to Mt. Sinai Medical Center emergency room. Sabina brought a copy of his living will. Perrys cardiologist had a copy and Sabina wanted the attending doctors and hospital to know his wishes. Do Not Resuscitate Once her husband was moved to a bed, Sabina informed the attending residents that he had a do not resuscitate (DNR) order. She then filed the information with the hospital. It simply came naturally to me because I knew his opinion about having unnecessary things done. Sabina stayed by Perrys side until Perrys son, Andrew, came by on the second day. Sabina went home to get some rest, a decision she says she will regret forever. When she returned the next morning, her husbands hands were restrained and he looked terrible. Sabina asked what had happened. She was told that Perry had gone into respiratory arrest in the middle of the night and they had resuscitated him. Sabina looked over at Perry. He was tethered to his bed, unable to speak, unable to do anything. All the fears he had expressed in their conversations had come true. The events of that evening are now the subject of a lawsuit between Sabina and Andrew Elfmont and Mt. Sinai. But essentially the medical resident on staff resuscitated Perry after the DNR order had been countermanded by a physician overseeing his care. Sabina says Perrys cardiologist admitted that a mistake had been made. She confronted a neurologist who was treating her husband. I said, How could you do it? A living will is a patients wish.' Sabina says the doctor told her his job was to keep patients alive, not to let them die. When she asked why her husbands hands were in restraints, she was told it was to prevent him from yanking out his tubes. He knew exactly what he wanted to do, she said. Twenty-Seven Months Two days later, Perry was released from Mt. Sinai and he and Sabina spent the next 27 months together in their apartment. Although Perry could initially walk with difficulty, he was depressed and despondent. He couldnt speak, he couldnt read, and he couldnt care for himself. His friends found it hard to visit, says Sabina. She hired a nurse to care for him to help keep his life as normal as possible at home. But Perry didnt have much of a life, she says. He wouldnt get up in the morning unless Sabina woke him; he wouldnt eat unless food was put in front of him; and he couldnt hold a conversation. Toward the latter part of his life, he lost bodily function. After a few months at home, Perry refused to go outside. He did not want to be in a wheelchair. Sabina says she was so worried that he would commit suicide that she only left the apartment to go to the bank and supermarket. A Widows Crusade In August 1996, Perry died at home at age 90. Sabina and Andrew cremated him and spread his ashes in France. While still grieving Perrys loss, Sabina has become a crusader for assuring the rights of the terminally ill. A Polish-born Holocaust survivor, Sabina says if she had been with Perry the night he almost died, she would have respected his wishes. I wouldnt have let there be a resuscitation. As hard as that would be, I know how important it was to him. New York attorney Lewis Fishlin, who represents Sabina and Andrew, says that Perry should have been permitted to die. This is not a man who meandered around the subject [of death]. This is a man who focused clearly on what his wishes were and made it clearly known. Sabinas message to others: If you have a living will, be on top of it. Perrys experience taught her that its not when you die, its how you die. A living will should be enough, but it seems it didnt work . . . Once you write a living will, put your family around the table and talk to them about it, she says. Perry talked to me very often about it. Sabina, now 80, isnt sure whether she can sustain a legal battle with a major New York hospital but she says for Perry she must try. I wanted to fulfill his wishes and they didnt let me. Association for the right to die with dignity To enjoy the closing years of our life to the full, we need every possible reassurance about the way it will come to an end. Will the end of our life be left to mere chance ? Will it depend on somebody elses decision ? Will our final moments be prolonged against our will until our physical degradation is complete? Should we be entitled to make decisions about our last moment before anybody else, namely relatives, friends or physicians ? Have you ever asked yourselves those questions ? We have, and these very questions are the reason why our association was created. ADMD (the Association for the Right to Die with Dignity) campaigns for the right to end ones life in a peaceful, dignified manner. This can be achieved only if one is given full freedom of choice regarding ones last moment in the near or in the distant future. ADMDs goal is to promote change not only in the minds of the general public, but also in the way the healthcare profession responds to end the moral misery, physical decay and unnecessary pain preceding and accompanying death. ADMD strongly objects to resorting to euthanasia for political, social or economic purposes. Ever since 1980, ADMD has relentlessly crusaded for the right for all to receive the best pain relief and to refuse any unnecessary prolongation of life by medical means. Those legitimate demands have now been met by a French government memo (ministerial circular of May 1995) which recognises the patients new rights. However, a law is now required to ensure compliance with the circular in everyday situations. ADMDs priority is to get the authorities to endorse a declaration of the will to die with dignity , a genuine living will enabling those requesting it formally to receive active assistance in dying. ADMD is open to everyone irrespective of their political or religious backgrounds. Though formerly virtually unknown or misunderstood, the ideas advocated by the Association have gained ground among the public at large. Several opinion surveys clearly indicate that an overwhelming majority of the French people supports the right to an assisted death when patients experience pain and suffering which have become unacceptable in their own judgement You do not accept physical degradation : this is your own decision.

Copper Cycle Lab Report Essay Example

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The culture of capitalism - Essay Example Capitalism as a social formation started to replace feudalism. Various factors led to the creation of culture of capitalism, which include profit motive, commodity, human desire and the market economy (Price, 2005). The desire for profit was the main motive for the economy regardless of human rights and environmental issues (Wikipedia). The market economy was based on the concept of making money (through employment) and spending money known as consumerism. In a capitalist society the means of production are consolidated under private ownership, and the production of commodities is guided by profit motive to satisfy human desires. The culture of capitalism created a new type of person and as the economy and consequently capitalism grew and the societal norms values, attitudes and belief changed. The work culture underwent a change as did the desires and the tastes. ‘Consumer’ was a new type of person defined in monetary terms. Capitalism encourages people to engage in act ivity that is deemed valuable by other people (Price). This positive attitude towards capitalism is the reason for the success of the system. Between 1440 and 1880 Europeans and North Americans exchanged merchandise for slaves who were then transported to other locations around the Atlantic Ocean. The Atlantic slave trade involved the largest intercontinental migration of people. Demand for labor on plantations gave a momentum to the Atlantic slave trade. The Atlantic slave trade became an integral part of an international trading system and led to the expansion of the global capitalism. The Atlantic slave trade that started as a trickle in 1440s grew gradually through 17th century. By 1780 an average of 80000 African slaves arrived on American shores (MSN, 2006). Slaves were the greatest exports at one point of time. The vast majority of slaves transported to America worked on agricultural plantations. Most of the plantations produced sugarcane for

Multiple Sclerosis: Therapeutic Options Effectiveness

Multiple Sclerosis: Therapeutic Options Effectiveness Effectiveness and Controversies of Disease Modifying Treatments (DMTs) Pharmacists consider Type I Interferons (IFNs) a safe long-term treatment option for RRMS and they have widely used IFNs in the past two decades. The activity of Interferon-Beta (IFNB) is similar to that of the interferon produced by the body. Studies indicate that they have the ability to reduce the rate of relapse compared to placebos. However, based on comparisons of historical data, scientists also report that the ÃŽ ²-Interferons contribute significantly to the progression of multiple sclerosis (Buzzard, Broadley, Butzkueven, 2012). Incomplete recovery from MS episodes can lead to permanent disability, especially during the relapsing remitting stage of MS. Two types of interferon-beta occur and include Interferon beta-1a and non-glycosylated interferon beta-1b. 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Several clinical trials indicated that GA reduced the rate of relapse of the MS compared to the placebo and this led to its approval in 1996. Medics administer the polymer through a subcutaneous injection. Reports show that the route of administration reduces the number of parameters of the disease shown during MRI (Buzzard, Broadley, Butzkueven, 2012). Additionally, recent studies have reported a balance in the treatment of both GA and Interferon Beta. Since experiments show that GA lacks long-term side effects, significant in the progression of the MS, its use in the routine treatment of MS has been ongoing for over 15 years. Experiments show that the immunomodulatory activity of the GA improves the cells of the inborn and adaptive resistant system. In 2004, the FDA approved the use of Natalizumab for the treatment of RRMS. Natalizumab is a monoclonal antibody that directs its activity towards the ÃŽ ±-4 subunit of the integrin ÃŽ ±-4 beta 1 and the lymphocyte receptors of the ÃŽ ±-4 beta 7 lymphocytes (Buzzard, Broadley, Butzkueven, 2012). The drug blocks the interaction between the VCAM-1 ligand and the VLA-4 receptor by binding to the ÃŽ ±-4 integrin on lymphocytes. Prior to its approval, different clinical studies demonstrated remarkable activity on the relapse of MS. Of all the approved treatment, the FDA reports Natalizumab to be the most efficacious, though it has some side effects. Buzzard, Broadley, and Butzkueven, (2012) report that Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML) occurs in over 200 patients treated with Natalizumab some of which have been fatal. Fingolimod is a drug administered orally. In 2004, the FDA approved it for the treatment of MS. The drug is a lysophospholipid original used in organ transplantation. Initially, medics used Fingolimod in combination with cyclosporine, but the drug was not efficacious in the prevention of organ rejection after renal transplant (Buzzard, Broadley, Butzkueven, 2012). Despite this setback, clinical trials conducted later demonstrated that it reduced the progression of MS. Since the route of administering the drug is oral, it has an advantage over all the agents administered through an injection. The activity of the Fingolimod occurs through the interaction with G-protein-coupled sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors. However, no study has been done to prove the immunomodulation activity of the drug. Alemtuzumab is another monoclonal antibody whose activity gears toward CD52, found on the surface of natural killer cells, and B and T lymphocytes (Azzopardi Coles, 2011). The CD52 also exists in some dendritic cells and monocytes. In addition, the Alemtuzumab is involved in the lysis of cells that express the CD52. One of the clinical trials that researched on the activity of the agent on MS patients was the CARE-MS 1 study and the researchers compared the activity to ÃŽ ¼g beta-IFN. The scientists reported a reduction in the occurrence of RRMS at the rate of 54% (Cross Naismith, 2013). The CARE-MS II study compared the agent with beta-IFN 1a in relapsed patients and reported a reduction in the rate or relapse (49%). However, the drug was reported to have adverse side effects in the two different clinical trials. The side effects reported ranged from mildly to moderately severe and the most common was the development of secondary autoimmune diseases. Additionally, scientists repor ted cases of thyroid carcinoma in the CARE-MS 1 trial. As the result of the increased interest in the use of oral therapy, in an effort to improve the compliance of the MS patients, medics are using a number of emerging agents as DMTs (Buzzard, Broadley, Butzkueven, 2012). Fumaric acid is one of the emerging agents. It is administered as Dimethyl Fumarate, which is a product of the citric cycle. Medics have used Dimethyl Fumarate for many decades in the treatment of Psoriasis, especially in Germany. Studies have suggested that the agent is effective against pro inflammatory mediators, such as adhesion factors, cytokines, and chemokine in MS. Its activity is directed toward reducing NF-ÃŽÅ¡b activity and thus reducing the expressions of molecules that cause inflammation. The progression of the MS is associated with damage to cells in the central nervous system and researchers report that Fumaric acid esters offers protection against damage to these cells. Several clinical trials have used BG-12, which is a derivative of the Fumaric acid as it contains DMF. Researchers report a reduction in the rate of relapse. Lastly, medics have used other emerging agents as DMTs for MS that include Teriflunomide, Laquinimod, Alemtuzamab, Daclizumab, and B-Cell therapies. Effectiveness and Controversies of Symptomatic Treatments A collective symptom reported in patients with MS is fatigue. According to Kaminska, Kimoff, Schwartzman, and Trojan (2013), there has been an inconsistent finding in the correlation between fatigue and the extent of disability. The Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) measures the physical fatigue attributed to physical impairment. Depression and pain in the MS patient is also considered an indicator of the level of fatigue in the patients. The treatment used for the management of the fatigue is non-pharmacologically based CBT therapy. In addition, medics have used drugs, such as amantadine, modafinil, and pemoline in the management of the fatigue. However, the presence of undiagnosed sleep disturbance disorders is one of the confounding factors reported in testing the efficacy of these drugs. Other non-pharmacological treatments involve energy-conservation techniques and exercise, such as pacing and spacing activities (Ben-Zacharia, 2011). In cases where medics use pharmacologic al interventions in fatigued MS patients, the tolerance levels and effectiveness should determine the doses. Although walking impairment occurs gradually in patients with MS, it may be characterized with a gradual onset in some patients (Ben-Zacharia, 2011). This affects the patients balance and gait and could have emotional effect on the patients. Medics administer Dalfampridine (Ampyra) to patients with walking impairments but it is contraindicative in patients with history of renal diseases and seizures. Its activity acts toward the repair of damaged nerves as it acts as a blocker for the potassium channel and medics administer it orally. The recommended dosage for the drug is one tablet (10 mg) taken two times in day. Moreover, in two randomized controlled trials, the conclusions made by the researchers were that the dosage of 10 mg taken twice a day improved the walking speed of MS patients. However, the drug has side effects that include dizziness, nausea and nervousness (Patti, et al., 2009). The occurrence of tremors and ataxia occurs in patients with MS and the treatment is challenging. Medics manage Ataxia through rehabilitation or pharmacology through the administration of Levetiracetam, Clonazepam, Topiramate, Propranolol, and Clonazepam. Researchers report the medications to have modest effects on the Ataxia. In addition, surgical interventions that involve deep brain stimulation have been reported to be effective in some patients (Ben-Zacharia, 2011). Spasticity occurs in patients with MS and it is dependent on the increase in velocity of the muscle tissues, because of increase in tone and rigidity of the motor pathway. The symptom occurs in about 75 % of the MS patients and medics can manage it through conservative techniques or drugs; either injected into the patient or administered orally (Pappalardo, Castiglione, Restivo, Calabrese, Cimino, Patti, 2006). The conservative methods involve bracing, casting, and stretching exercises (Mori, et al., 2011). Baclofen and tizanidine are the most common form of first line treatment for spasticity but are associated with side effects, such as weakness and sedation (Rizzo, Hadjimichael, Preiningerova, Vollmer, 2004). The second and third line treatments used for spasticity include dantrolene, gabapentin, and benzodiazepines. Another common system in MS is pain and it is usually because of the loss of inhibitory pathways in the spine. Demyelination or axonal loss cause acute pain in the MS patients while bladder spasms and vertebral compression cause sub-acute pain. The drugs used for the management of pain include gabapentin, pregabalin, antiepileptics and carbamazepine and they are first line treatment forms for neuropathic pains (Ben-Zacharia, 2011). Cannabinoids are also efficient in pain management and medics use them to manage spinal injury and spasticity (Pertwee, 2002). Clinical depression affects about 50% of MS patients and the available treatments regimes include serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine reuptake inhibitors, which are all anti-depressants (Ben-Zacharia, 2011). Pseudo Bulbar Affect (PBA) is a neurologic disorder that presents with symptoms such as laughing and crying and researchers report it in about 10% of the patients. The management of PBA involves the administration of quinidine sulfate, and dextromethorphan hydrobromide (Ben-Zacharia, 2011). Cognitive dysfunction occurs in 50% of MS patients and it affects the speed at which the patient processes information, losses memory and vision, reduces verbal fluent, and reduces the attention span (Patti, et al., 2009). Researchers have tested Acetylcholinesterase in MS patients with promising results. However, a recent clinical trial disputed the efficacy of the drug. The FDA has approved other drugs, such as memantine and rivastigmine for use on Alzheimer’s patients but not MS. The conservative management of this dysfunction involves use of methods that retrain and improve on the memory and visual ability of the patients. Conclusion Current Research Strength For over two decades, researchers have conducted research on MS and the available treatments. However, even with all the research the currently available treatments have been unable to reduce the occurrence of symptoms in all the patients. The immunopathogenic factors in different patients determine their responses to the different treatments. Research conducted on the current forms of treatment shows that immunopathogenic factors have varying and unexpected results in different patients. Researchers have also been unable to determine the exact mechanisms that affect the disease process of MS. Additionally, several studies done regarding the disease reported disparities between clinical trials and animal models. Researchers agree that no single intervention is effective for halting the disease or reversing the effects of axonal degeneration and demyelination. This is an indicator that more research about MS is still in need to establish the mechanisms associated with the progression. Future Perspective Although there has been progress in research on the pathological, clinical and treatment of MS, some aspects remain unsolved. Researchers have based current research on the effort to repair the damage caused by the MS. Future researchers should aim at determining the treatments intended at healing the disease or reversing the disability attributed to MS. References Azzopardi, L., Coles, A. (2011). Alemtuzumab in multiple sclerosis. Archives of Neuropsychiatry, 48 (2), 79-82. Ben-Zacharia, A. B. (2011). Therapeutics for multiple sclerosis symptoms. Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine, 78 (2), 176–191. Buzzard, K. A., Broadley, S. A., Butzkueven, H. (2012). What do effective treatments for multiple sclerosis tell us about the molecular mechanisms involved in pathogenesis? International Journal of Molecular Science, 13 (10), 12665-12709. Compston, A., Coles, A. (2002). Multiple sclerosis. The Lancet, 359(9648), 1221–1231. Cross, A. H., Naismith, R. T. (2013). Established and novel disease-modifying treatments in multiple sclerosis. Wiley, 1-19. Kaminska, M., Kimoff, R. J., Schwartzman, K., Trojan, D. A. (2013). Association between sleep disorders and fatigue in multiple sclerosis. CML Multiple Sclerosis, 5 (2), 29-38. McQualter, J. L., Bernard, C. C. (2007). Multiple sclerosis: a battle between destruction and repair. Journal of Neurochemistry, 100(2), 295–306. Mori, F., Ljoka, C., Magni, E., Codeca, C., Kusayanagi, H., Monteleone, F., Centonze, D. (2011). Transcranial magnetic stimulation primes the effects of exercise therapy in multiple sclerosis. Journal of Neurology, 258 (7), 1281–1287. Pappalardo, A., Castiglione, A., Restivo, D. A., Calabrese, A., Cimino, V., Patti, F. (2006). Pharmacologic management of spasticity in multiple sclerosis. Neurologic Science, 27 (4), S310–S315. Patti, F., Amato, M. P., Trojano, M., Bastianello, S., Tola, M. R., Goretti, B., Luccichenti, G. (2009). Cognitive impairment and its relation with disease measure in mildly disabled patients with relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis: baseline results from the Cognitive Impairment in Multiple Sclerosis. Multiple Sclerosis, 15 (7), 779–788. Pertwee, R. G. (2002). Cannabinoids and multiple sclerosis. Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 95 (2), 165– 174. Rizzo, M. A., Hadjimichael, O. C., Preiningerova, J., Vollmer, T. L. (2004). Prevalence and treatment of spasticity reported by multiple sclerosis patients. Multiple Sclerosis, 10 (2), 589-595.

TV Violence :: essays research papers

TV Violence A major topic of conversation nowadays is whether or not voilence on television causes children to bahave more violently. Shortly after I began to research this topic, I realized that it is not a clear cut issue. Evidence can be easily found to support each position. In the following essay I will examine the different positions that can ba taken on this topic and try ro form my own view on the affect violent TV has on chidren. The first position I will examine is the one in which it is believed that, without a doubt, violent TV increases the likelyhood that a child will behave in a violent manner. This stands is examined in the Maclean's article intitled,"Power to the people. Television's teen Rangers Kick up a storm. The author of this article, Particia Chrisholm, explains a heated debate over the affects that the kids show "The Mighty Morphin Power Rangers" has on children. According to this article, the "hemeted lycra covered Rangers" acts as a bad influence on children. Many parents have come to believe that the childen try to act like the kids hreo's. A cocerned mother, Kathryn Flannery went so far as to petition the CRTC. The CRTC responded by saying that "the show is avassively to violent."(Chrisholm 1994 p.52) As a result of the petiton, many stations voluntarily refused to air the controversial kids show. This case shows the power that people can have over the CRTC. Unfortunately, the parents were not able to entirely shield their children from the Power Rangers TV show. Many US broadcasters, available on cable, continued to air the show. Another study that supports this belief that TV violence causes children to act more violently is an experiment conducted by Leonard Eron and his collegues. In these studies, Leonard Eron and his collegues studied childern for a number of years and measuread peer ratings obtained from each child's classmates. By doing this, they could see if violent TV changed the attitudes of the children. In the end, it was concluded that violent TV significantly affected the way in which the children behaved. The other position that can be taken when discussing this issue is one in which people believe that violent TV does not affect the behavior of children. In the Canadian Forum article, "TV and The Child Savers. Bad Habits and The Boob Tube" this position is discussed. The author, Thelma McCormack discusses the goals of the action group that refers to themselves as the Child Savers. According to this article, the Child Savers believe that "Programs which contain gratitous violence will not be shown on television.

Blood Disorders Causes Treatments Cures Health And Social Care Essay

Blood upsets have an consequence on anyone ‘s life that happens to hold one. The effects are non merely in the mundane life but besides in one ‘s wellness. There are many scopes of blood diseases and upsets and there are many helpful interventions available to assist a individual live a normal life every twenty-four hours. Normally with proper intervention these diseases and upsets are non life threatening, nevertheless in a few rare instances this is non the instance. These scenarios will hopefully supply a clearer position of three different blood upsets, the intervention methods, the cause of them, and possible bar methods for each one.Scenario OneIn scenario one, we have Amy who is a four-year-old Caucasic female and she is presently at hazard of undertaking Iron Deficiency Anemia. Iron lack anaemia is a disease of the blood which is created when a individual does non have plenty or the proper sum of the mineral Fe. When a individual does non hold a sufficient sum of Fe in the blood there are effects such as non bring forthing adequate new ruddy blood cells or haemoglobin for the organic structure to work decently. â€Å" Every ruddy blood cell contains haemoglobin, which is the portion of the cell that carries our O. Without the appropriate sum of Fe within one ‘s organic structure, the organic structure makes fewer and smaller ruddy blood cells go forthing the organic structure with less haemoglobin to administer O throughout one ‘s organic structure to tissues and cells. † ( WebMD, 2005-2009 ) . Without the proper sum of O making the critical tissues, variety meats, and cells, the organic structure as a whole begins to endure and usually a individual will go unenrgetic, have less energy, and may hold a pale visual aspect to the tegument. There are many causes or grounds a individual could develop anaemia or lowered Fe degrees in the organic structure. Many pregnant adult females develop a signifier of anaemia, this is caused by the turning babe utilizing up the Fe from the female parents organic structure, and this will decide itself one time the gestation comes to fruition. There are causes nevertheless that have nil to make with gestation which are, heavy catamenial hemorrhage, shed blooding inside the organic structure, an inability to absorb Fe, and a deficiency of Fe in a individual ‘s diet. For adult females if the menopausal and catamenial rhythms are highly heavy and a adult female looses excessively much blood this consequences in a loss of haemoglobin, ( Fe ) doing a low Fe count. The same is true for internal hemorrhage or surgery with non plenty blood on manus, any loss of blood from the organic structure that is excessively great will ensue in a low Fe count. There are besides some people who have or develop an inability to absorb adequate Fe from the nutrients they eat or the addendums they take, the little bowel in instances such as these usually involve an enteric upset. The normal or recommended intervention in these instances is the remotion of portion of the little bowel, and or utilizing a prescription-strength or an existent prescription, medicine that will assist with tummy acid. The most common signifier of anaemia is an Iron Deficiency Anemia due to non enough Fe in a individual ‘s diet and may hold to get down taking an Fe addendum or doing dietetic alterations to counterbalance. The best class of action in these instances is to seek and increase the sum of Fe rich nutrients you would devour, these include ; meats, some cereals, ruddy meats, seafood, domestic fowl, eggs, staff of lifes, pastas, Spinacia oleracea, raisins, nuts, dark green leafy veggies, other nutrients that have iron fortified on the label, cheeses, and most other dairy merchandises. Doctors can name an Fe lack upset through a simple blood trial given to anyone who believes they may hold a lack or by a supplier who believes the patient may hold a lack. The trial that is preformed includes analyzing the haematocrit and haemoglobin degrees, the size and form of the blood cells, the colour of the blood cells, and a measuring of ferritin. Once diagnosed with an Fe lack upset or anaemia, keeping this unwellness is reasonably easy. Iron addendums mundane or sometimes a few times a twenty-four hours are needed, besides this may be a simple as taking a multi-vitamin with Fe in it. A diet alteration is besides extremely recommended so that the sum of Fe a individual consumptions from nutrient is increased. Having the increased Fe degrees in the organic structure through addendums and or diet alterations will assist to alleviate the symptoms that come with it. Regular proving for Fe lack is besides recommended to supervise the degrees of Fe and to see if the upset is acqui ring better, worse or remaining the same.Scenario TwoIn scenario two, we have Marcus, a 5-year-old African American male who is susceptible to the blood upset Sickle Cell Anemia, as his female parent is a bearer of the disease. As stated by The HealthCentral Network, Inc ( 2004-2009 ) , â€Å" Sickle cell anaemia is caused by an unnatural type of haemoglobin called haemoglobin S † ( A ¶1 ) . Sickle cell anaemia is non a disease that can be caught like many other diseases, it is an familial upset where one transcript of the reaping hook cell cistron or haemoglobin S, is passed down from each parent and nowadays in the receiver. If merely one cistron is present in the receiver, the individual is known as being merely a bearer to the upset of reaping hook cell anaemia and non one that is ab initio affected by it. When an single carries two cistrons, one from each parent of haemoglobin S the ruddy cells in his or her organic structure are shaped like reaping hooks or, semilunar Moons and tend to clop together doing them gluey, stiff, and fragile. Sickle cell anaemia does non know apart with penchant for any nationality as it can be found present in all nationalities ; nevertheless it is found more in African American, Mediterranean and Middle Eastern descent. If a individual suspects that they may be a bearer of reaping hook cell anemia a blood trial can be given to name reaping hook cell anaemia. When proving for reaping hook cell anaemia, a simple blood trial is done to look into for the presence of haemoglobin S. If the supplier determines that the individual has a positive consequence from the blood farther testing will be done to find whether one or two cistrons are present. To corroborate the findings of the blood trial consequence, a sample of blood taken will examined under a microscope to see if there are a big figure of sickle cells. If necessary more blood trials will be done to find if the individual has anemia every bit good. Currently there is no remedy for reaping hook cell anemia there are interventions available from the extreme which is a bone marrow graft which should free the disease from the organic structure to medicines and interventions to assist with the symptoms and effects of the disease. The interventions and medicines for this disease are pain stand-ins, blood transfusions, and reasonably much everything in between. Most of the interventions or medicines given to people who suffer from this disease are for the bar of infections, commanding complications, and hurting direction. Due to this being an familial disease forestalling it from happening is non a possibility yet. The lone protection prospective parents can take is being tested before going pregnant, and these prospective parents can so do an informed determination on how to continue. â€Å" If one wishes to travel away with gestating kids other options such as an in vitro fertilisation process that helps one to hold a healthy non-affected kid is available. † ( Mayo Clinic, 1998-2009 ) .Scenario ThreeIn scenario three, Richard an person, who over the last few hebdomads has began detecting more than a few contusions and they are more evident. Richard is being tested for thrombopenia, which seems like the most likely pick for this state of affairs. Thrombocytopenia occurs when there are a lacking figure of thrombocytes in a individual ‘s blood, and this causes the blood non to coagulate decently. When proper curdling is non achieved in the organic structure a individual can see superficial hemorrhage into the tegument, self-generated hemorrhage, prolonged hemorrhage of cuts, easy or inordinate bruising, and blood in urine and stool. The causes of thrombopenia could be from any figure of things such as ; quinine, Lipo-Hepin, histamine blockers, the usage of intoxicant, a root cell hurt, marrow aplasia, fibrosis, malignant neoplastic disease, or an expansion of a individual ‘s lien. â€Å" Diagnosis of this upset is conducted by the usage of a blood trial, physical scrutiny, and a bone marrow scrutiny. In naming if, an person has contracted thrombocytopenia 1s physician will carry on a blood trial to number the figure of thrombocytes that are presently in one ‘s blood and physically analyze one ‘s organic structure for marks of an hypertrophied lien. If it is determined that one has the upset one ‘s physician will so order a bone marrow scrutiny and particular blood trials to assist find the cause of the disease. † ( Mayo Clinic, 1998-2009 ) . The interventions and medicines available for thrombopenia include surgery, blood transfusions, and plasma exchange, and the medicines used to handle this upset include a assortment to stamp down a individual ‘s immune system and or medicines that block antibodies that are assailing thrombocytes. Intelligibly surgery is used merely when necessary and this usually occurs when a individual ‘s spleen demands taking. A plasma exchange and blood transfusions, which are once more merely used in patients that need this process done, are usually used for persons with terrible hemorrhage. The lone existent preventative steps available to forestall the reoccurrence or happening of this upset, it is advised that one be monitored on a regular basis by a physician or supplier. As demonstrated blood upsets can happen to anyone either by genetic sciences, chemical, or both factors. With proper showings and regular well cheques with a physician or supplier a individual would hold a just opportunity of catching the job and receive intervention. Having a blood upset can be a life endangering issue, so the Oklahoman it is caught and treated with medicine or other interventions available, the better a individual ‘s opportunity to populate a long healthy life.

The Perfect Murder

The Perfect Murder The Perfect MurderSection 215 of the Criminal code clearly outlines restrictions regarding the withholding or withdrawal of medications to assist a suicide. This section states that, "every one is under a legal duty to provide necessaries of life to a person under his charge if that person is unable, by reason of (...) illness, mental disorder or other cause, to withdraw himself from that charge and is unable to provide himself with the necessaries of life." With these restrictions, many individuals feel their rights are being infringed upon. Doctors especially handle patients extremely cautiously when prescribing medication of any kind. Often a patient will not be administered an ample amount of medication, for fear that if the inevitable occurs, the doctor will be held criminally responsible.In Norway, one doctor has tried testing the laws of euthanasia and suffered the consequences. Dr. Christian Sandsdahlen, age 82, was convicted of first-degree murder by the Supreme Court of Nor way on April 14, 2000.Distributing copies of the Canadian Charter of Rig...Dr. Sandsdahlen was asked by Bodil Bjerkmann (age 42 and suffering from an incurable multiple sclerosis) to help end his agony by prescribing a lethal dose of morphine. The doctor complied and when Bodil Bjerkmann passed away peacefully, Dr. Sandsdahlen demanded to be tried for murder. He was convinced that ethical considerations would prevent him from a conviction and open the door to a judicial debate about the subject. Although the doctor appears to have failed, it is apparent that euthanasia laws in Europe are becoming less strict. Even in Canada it is apparent that euthanasia cannot be ignored.A Saskatchewan farmer, Robert Latimer, was tried for the mercy killing of his severely disabled daughter in October 1997. He was found guilty of second degree murder, which in Canada carries a minimum sentence of ten years, however,

Discriminated Criminals Essays - Abuse, Social Inequality

Discriminated Criminals Essays - Abuse, Social Inequality Discriminated Criminals The Criminal Justice system has always had discrimination in it. Discrimination can come from the police, courts, or even from lawyers. For example, in the Gideon vs. Wainwright case the court ruled that the state must provide a public defender but it did not rule that the public defender must be good or competent. (Too Poor N.Pag.). In most cases where a public defender is provided the defendant loses the case because the lawyer is new or incompetent. Thus the criminal justice system needs reform. The Criminal Justice System discriminates against the economically challenged and minorities because of police discrimination, unbalanced sentencing and incompetent public defenders. Police discrimination is a major factor in the criminal justice system. Police can discriminate towards different people and in different places at anytime the officers want. White police discriminate in jails and on the streets, which can be called racial profiling. In jail a white officer could give a black man a harder time then he would a white man. On the streets a white officer will stop a black man for no reason, ask where the black man is going, and often the officer will search the black mans car of belongings (Cole 7.). White police will go through poor neighborhoods to stop and search anyone the white police want (Cole 7.). A black man has a chance of getting picked up by the police for a DWB, which is Driving While Black which is impossible for most white people to even comprehend (Cole 7.). Another form of discrimination is from the black police. Sometimes the black police can discriminate just like the white police. Black police will discriminate against all ethnic groups like whites, blacks and other minorities. The black police discriminate against other blacks because the police believe that the black criminals are keeping the rest of the black community down. Black police also discriminate against the other minorities, not just the black criminals. Some black police feel the same way about Mexicans as some white police feel about blacks, that the Mexicans are what make this country bad. Another reason why there is talk about discrimination in the criminal justice system is because of unbalanced sentencing. Black men are more often sentenced for a first offense and usually get a longer sentence for something that the white men would only be getting a fine for (One-Third 25.). A California study showed that one out of six of six hundred twenty-five thousand black men were arrested, black men make up three percent of the population but account for forty percent of the prison population (Miller N. pag.). Black men usually pay twice as much bail as whites and usually get jailed before trial (One-Third 25.). Twelve percent of the American population is black and thirteen percent of blacks have used drugs but blacks account for thirty-five percent of arrests for drugs possession, fifty-five percent of convictions and forty-four percent of prison sentences (One-Third 25.). Most crack users in the United States are white but most prosecuted are black (Carter 290+.). Only fou r of the first thirty-seven death penalty prosecutions from the Anti-Drug Abuse Act have been white (Carter 290+.). Unbalanced sentencing, besides affecting black people wrongly, can also effect poor people wrongly. Poor people can get harsher sentencing just because a judge does not like the person for not being able to keep a job or for not paying taxes. Poor people could get a harsher sentence because the poor person does not have the money to pay a fine of a mere fifty-dollars. The judge knows that the poor person could not pay the fine. Even though misdemeanors and fines are small to most people, to a poor person it could mean imprisonment. Judges can also be swayed by the appearance of a person and a poor person cannot show up to court battered or in a suit. Incompetent public defenders are the biggest form of discrimination in the entire Criminal Justice System. The biggest problem is the funding for the public defenders. Even though it is less than two percent of the total spending on law enforcement and only ten percent of spending on all judicial and legal sources, people can still

Strategy Implementation in an International Food and Beverage Company Case Study

Strategy Implementation in an International Food and Beverage Company - Case Study Example This paper illustrates that one of the strategic plans adopted by the company under the leadership of Frank is market control and dominance that has enabled the company’s presence to be felt in different parts of the world. In line with this strategy, the company has been involved in a number of partnerships and mergers with different food companies in different parts of the world. In 2007, the company entered into partnership with Kraft Company to market its products especially the biscuits. This partnership enabled the company to make significant inroads into different markets in Europe. In the same year also witnessed the opening of new markets for its baby and clinical nutrition products when it entered into a marketing partnership with Numico, a Dutch-based company. Frank relates their acquisition strategic plan to the significant increase in sales that the company has enjoyed especially in 2012. The transformation of the company’s geographical profile and areas th at it continues to lay emphasis in has also resulted into changes in its market shape. Frank confirms that currently, majority of their sales come from different parts of Europe and this accounts for 40%. ... Today, food and beverage products from different multinationals including Danone are shipped to global markets. The prices of such products are determined by the global market demand and supply and such determines the strategies adopted by these multinationals. Operations within the global arena have a number of benefits to a business that holds significant potential in the success of such organizations. It creates new market and niche for the companies as they venture into new regions thus increasing a company’s international presence. Global market operation also increases the publicity and dominance of a company’s brand that increasing recognition and acceptance across different regions in the globe. Cross-border integration as practiced by Danone has opened up new markets for its products in different regions including the Dutch markets. As most of these products target nutritional and clinical markets, Danone has been enabled to increase its services to different parts of Europe. However, a slight variation may exist between the receptions that the four products produced and marketed by the company may receive in the global market. Fresh dairy products and water has met stiff competition in the international market from other companies that specialize in similar goods within the global markets. However, the baby and medical nutrition products marketed by the company have received a much different reception due to the strategy the company has adopted in the global market. For example, while introducing the products in the Netherlands, the company used Numico, a Dutch-based FMCG company to introduce its products into the market.

Management Development Programme Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Management Development Programme - Assignment Example This paper illustrates that high-quality management at the Globalink computer retail stores will thereby mean better performance, and hence the success of the entire company. In businesses and organizations, management refers to the functions that serve to coordinate the efforts by employees in order to accomplish the organizational goals and objectives through effective and efficient utilization of the scarcely available resources. According to Stephen, management can be defined, explored or divided into diverse components depending on its roles. These elements (roles of management) include planning, staffing, organizing, controlling, leading, directing and motivating. In order to become effective and efficient managers, the newly upcoming Globalink retail managers must thereby be equipped with the knowledge and skills in such undertakings for the accomplishment of goals and success of the organization. Since a business is a system within which management endeavors to create the arc hitecture for the production system, the roles of new managers in organizational design will be central and hence they must be able to understand their general responsibilities within the Glabalink organization. This proposal thereby presents a chronological plan on how the management development programme will be piloted in order to best equip the new Globalink store managers with adept knowledge of management. Globalink Organisation is an organization that offers computer accessories but majors in computing solutions and services such as networking of home PCs and corporate networking solutions. For about a decade, the company has been operating majorly as an online organization, offering computer networking solutions and other related services. Nonetheless, for the past few years, the company has been restructuring, opening a number of chains or retail stores within Europe, and is currently spreading its roots into other continents such as America and Asia. Research by the compan y’s customer service department revealed that both home and organizational PC customers demanded some retail and physical interactions with the company’s service providers. This necessitated a physical evidence of the company’s relationship with its customer rather than the on-going online customer assistance.